> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://jamesbrayy.gitbook.io/atar/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://jamesbrayy.gitbook.io/atar/engineering/core/life-cycle-and-obsolescence.md).

# life cycle and obsolescence

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## LCA

* LCA provides a rigorous analysis of the environmental impacts of all stages of the production process.

#### stages of the life cycle:

1. materials acquisition
   * involves obtaining raw materials necessary to produce the engineered product.
2. processing materials
   * some materials require processing, refining, or transformation to obtain the necessary components.
3. manufacturing
   * involves the actual production of the engineered product, where components are assembled and integrated.
4. packaging
5. transportation
6. maintenance/operation
7. reuse/recycle/disposal

## obsolescence

* psychological obsolescence
  * cause people to feel ashamed for having an old product, and build hype for the new one.
* technical obsolescence
  * driven by advancements in technology, rendering older versions less compatible
* functional obsolescence
  * results from utility or performance issues making a product less effective or desirable
* planned obsolescence
  * deliberate strategy by manufacturers to design products with a limited lifespan, encouraging frequent replacements or upgrades.